{"id":27227,"date":"2021-10-27T10:32:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-27T09:32:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.blueventures.org\/sustainable-living-from-the-sea-through-community-led-seaweed-farming\/"},"modified":"2021-10-27T10:49:10","modified_gmt":"2021-10-27T09:49:10","slug":"sustainable-living-from-the-sea-through-community-led-seaweed-farming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.blueventures.org\/fr\/sustainable-living-from-the-sea-through-community-led-seaweed-farming\/","title":{"rendered":"Vivre durablement de la mer gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la culture d’algues communautaire"},"content":{"rendered":"

A Madagascar, des membres de la communaut\u00e9 de Belo sur Mer \u2013 surtout des femmes \u2013 ont relev\u00e9 le d\u00e9fi de l’aquaculture villageoise.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je n’avais aucun avenir avant la culture des algues. Mes fils avaient quitt\u00e9 le village et je n’avais aucun moyen de subvenir \u00e0 mes besoins car je suis trop vieille pour p\u00eacher. Maintenant, il y a un moyen de gagner sa vie, et pas seulement pour moi. Les gens ont l’espoir de pouvoir vivre ici encore longtemps.\u00a0\u00bb – Madame Tunisia<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a>
Madame Tunisia (with the red basin) with her fellow seaweed farmers sorting out their lines |Credits: Fran\u00e7ois Andrianomenjanahary, Blue Ventures<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a>
Belo-sur-Mer community savings group members in a meeting | Credits: Fran\u00e7ois Andrianomenjanahary, Blue Ventures<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Je ne peux m’emp\u00eacher de me r\u00e9jouir pour Madame Tunisia et les autres fermiers, qui ont racont\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment leur histoire dans une <\/span>vid\u00e9o<\/span><\/a> \u00e0 l’intention des autres membres de la communaut\u00e9. Notre village de Belo sur Mer, sur la c\u00f4te sud-ouest de Madagascar, est connu dans tout le pays pour ses charpentiers de marine qui construisent des <\/span>botry<\/span><\/i>, des go\u00e9lettes traditionnelles. Ici, tout le monde ou presque est p\u00eacheur. L’isolement g\u00e9ographique, le climat aride et le manque d’infrastructures limitent les autres activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques. Mais la vie marine s’\u00e9puise, sous l’effet du changement climatique ainsi que de la surp\u00eache due \u00e0 la croissance d\u00e9mographique et \u00e0 la venue de petits p\u00eacheurs et de p\u00eacheurs industriels de l’ext\u00e9rieur. En 2020, une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans la revue <\/span>Frontiers in Marine Science<\/span><\/i> a confirm\u00e9 scientifiquement ce que les p\u00eacheurs de la r\u00e9gion ont constat\u00e9 au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies : <\/span>le nombre et la taille des poissons sont en nette diminution<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>
A section of the Belo-sur-Mer beach with botry in the background | Credits: Anne Guillaume, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a>
Submerged lines seaweed farm line | Credits: <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a>
A seaweed farmer harvesting the Cottonii seaweed from her plot | Credits: Anne Guillaume, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

En raison de ce d\u00e9clin, Blue Ventures a donc aid\u00e9 les membres de la communaut\u00e9 de Belo sur Mer et de ses environs \u00e0 trouver une activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique autre que la p\u00eache qui leur permette de vivre de la mer de fa\u00e7on durable. La communaut\u00e9 a choisi la culture des algues rouges : \u00e9galement connues sous le nom de <\/span>Cottonii<\/span><\/i>, les algues rouges sont utilis\u00e9es dans l’industrie alimentaire et cosm\u00e9tique comme agent de texture.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi la culture d’algues?<\/span><\/h3>\n

La culture des algues a \u00e9t\u00e9 privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e en raison du soutien de l’entreprise priv\u00e9e COPEFRITO (devenue plus tard <\/span>Ocean Farmers<\/span><\/a>), qui travaillait d\u00e9j\u00e0 avec des fermiers d’algues de l’Aire Marine Prot\u00e9g\u00e9e de Velondriake 150 km plus au sud. Une autre raison \u00e9tait que la culture des algues permet plusieurs cycles de culture par an et fournit donc un revenu r\u00e9gulier. Enfin, pour les femmes qui repr\u00e9sentaient la majorit\u00e9 des premiers fermiers \u2013 les hommes \u00e9tant accapar\u00e9s par les journ\u00e9es de p\u00eache en mer \u2013, c’\u00e9tait l’opportunit\u00e9 d’une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9conomique. <\/span>Mes coll\u00e8gues Solo, T\u00f4to et moi-m\u00eame, tous originaires du village, avons \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9s pendant un mois aupr\u00e8s de COPEFRITO, pour pouvoir former \u00e0 notre tour les 30 premiers fermiers, en nous concentrant sur les activit\u00e9s pratiques : bouturage, installation des cordes avec les boutures dans la mer, maintenance des mat\u00e9riels, r\u00e9colte, s\u00e9chage, tri, mise en sac. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons aid\u00e9 chaque fermier \u00e0 choisir puis \u00e0 installer sa premi\u00e8re parcelle. C’est le plus rude travail, surtout quand il faut renforcer les lignes avec de lourds sacs de sable. Nous \u00e9tions l\u00e0 pour aider \u00e0 l’installation des nouvelles lignes, et \u00e0 la pes\u00e9e dans le magasin avant la vente. <\/span>Pendant cette phase initiale d’apprentissage, l’objectif pour les fermiers \u00e9tait d’atteindre progressivement la productivit\u00e9 attendue pour 60 lignes d’algues. <\/span>La culture d’algues a bient\u00f4t repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 un petit revenu compl\u00e9mentaire pour les fermiers comme Mme Filiany Raharisoa, mari\u00e9e \u00e0 un p\u00eacheur et m\u00e8re de sept enfants.<\/span><\/p>\n

J’ai pu payer les frais n\u00e9cessaires pour envoyer mes enfants \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole, un privil\u00e8ge que je n’ai jamais eu\u00a0\u00bb – Filiany Raharisoa, fermi\u00e8re<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

L’\u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9clencheur<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pour soutenir le processus, nous nous sommes r\u00e9unis tous les mois avec les fermiers pour \u00e9valuer les progr\u00e8s, les d\u00e9fis et les r\u00e9ussites. Au fil du temps, nous nous sommes rendu compte que l’apprentissage des bonnes techniques ne suffisait pas : la motivation et la productivit\u00e9 des agriculteurs d\u00e9pendaient d’un seuil de production et de revenus de la culture des algues. <\/span>Alors, en impliquant un coordinateur, nous avons mis en place un mod\u00e8le de suivi des performances, augment\u00e9 les lignes d’algues par centaines pour maximiser la production, et renforc\u00e9 notre soutien de proximit\u00e9 aux groupes de fermiers. Le prix d’achat du kilo d’algues a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tabli en fonction des objectifs de chaque zone agricole.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>
Me (Fran), at one of the seaweed farm plots | Credits: Anne Guillaume, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/a>
A farmer showing sections of seaweed farms | Credits: Anne Guillaume, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Le mod\u00e8le de suivi des performances comporte deux crit\u00e8res. Le premier crit\u00e8re, quantitatif, prend en compte le poids d’algues r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par ligne et par cycle de culture, ou encore le temps de pr\u00e9sence des fermiers sur les parcelles. Le second crit\u00e8re est qualitatif et prend en consid\u00e9ration les bonnes pratiques agricoles, telles que la qualit\u00e9 des boutures, le suivi des maladies et du broutage des poissons, ainsi que les bonnes pratiques environnementales, comme l’explique Thomas Picart, directeur des op\u00e9rations chez Ocean Farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les fermiers sont devenus membres des associations qui g\u00e8rent les Aires Marines G\u00e9r\u00e9es Localement (AMGL). Leur adh\u00e9sion a permis d’inclure la culture d’algues dans les processus de gestion communautaires et a facilit\u00e9 l’engagement des fermiers dans les actions de gouvernance durable de la p\u00eache. La d\u00e9marche vise \u00e9galement \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les risques de conflits li\u00e9s au partage des espaces entre les parcelles et les <\/span>botry<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>Le soutien de proximit\u00e9 offert aux fermiers et la strat\u00e9gie visant \u00e0 le relier aux performances de chaque parcelle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9clencheur. Les fermiers ont agrandi leurs parcelles et ont consacr\u00e9 plus de temps \u00e0 la culture des algues, en tant qu’activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re.<\/span><\/p>\n

La culture des algues est devenue la principale source de revenus de ma famille. Nous avons construit une maison plus solide et mon mari a r\u00e9duit ses activit\u00e9s de p\u00eache pour aider \u00e0 la culture des algues\u00a0\u00bb – Filiany Raharisoa<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a>
Madame Filiany outside her house built from seaweed farming income. | Credits: Fran\u00e7ois Andrianomenjanahary, Blue Ventures.\n<\/div><\/div>
<\/a>
Farmers drying harvested seaweed | Credits: Fran\u00e7ois Andrianomenjanahary, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

R\u00e9sultat<\/span><\/h3>\n

En 2020, Ocean Farmers a fix\u00e9 un objectif de production annuelle de 80 tonnes d’algues s\u00e8ches. Si les fermiers atteignaient l’objectif, cela prouverait que l’activit\u00e9 \u00e9tait rentable et que l’entreprise pouvait installer une \u00e9quipe permanente \u00e0 Belo sur Mer. L’objectif a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement d\u00e9pass\u00e9 : les 82 fermiers ont produit 92,4 tonnes d’algues s\u00e8ches (soit une augmentation de la production de plus de 350% entre 2018 et 2020).<\/span> Il y a quelques mois, Blue Ventures a transf\u00e9r\u00e9 le pilotage direct de l’activit\u00e9 \u00e0 Ocean Farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n

On estime que les fermi\u00e8res consacrent environ 90% de leur temps de travail \u00e0 la culture d’algues, et 10% \u00e0 l’activit\u00e9 de p\u00eache avec leur mari, constate Thomas Picart. De fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, 15 \u00e0 20% des fermiers se consacrent quasi exclusivement \u00e0 la culture d’algues.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a>
A farmer hauling harvest onboard a pirogue | Credits: Anne Guillaume, Blue Ventures.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Pour permettre une meilleure r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re des membres de la communaut\u00e9, <\/span>des groupes d’\u00e9pargne communautaire ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place, bas\u00e9s sur la <\/span>m\u00e9thodologie SILC<\/span><\/a> de l’ONG Catholic Relief Services. Ils sont ouverts \u00e0 tous, mais ce sont les fermiers d’algues les plus motiv\u00e9s et les plus nombreux pour y participer.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la culture d\u2019algues, nous pouvons donner de la viande \u00e0 nos enfants les jours de f\u00eate, et gagner de quoi vivre lorsque le mauvais temps nous emp\u00eache de p\u00eacher\u00a0\u00bb, confie Madame Tsaravelo.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n

Par Fran\u00e7ois ANDRIANOMENJANAHARY<\/a>, <\/span>Superviseur Aquaculture, Belo sur Mer, Madagascar<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

D\u00e9couvrez <\/span>Le pari ambitieux de l\u2019aquaculture villageoise de concombres de mer<\/span><\/a> dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e9couvrez <\/span>comment l\u2019aquaculture stimule la bio\u00e9conomie \u00e0 Zanzibar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Merci \u00e0 <\/span>Norges Vel<\/span><\/a> \u2013 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale norv\u00e9gienne pour le d\u00e9veloppement \u2013 pour son soutien lors des premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de notre programme d\u2019aquaculture dans l’AMP Velondriake et dans la r\u00e9gion de Belo sur Mer.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A Madagascar, des membres de la communaut\u00e9 de Belo sur Mer \u2013 surtout des femmes \u2013 ont relev\u00e9 le d\u00e9fi de l’aquaculture villageoise. Je n’avais aucun avenir avant la culture des algues. Mes fils avaient quitt\u00e9 le village et je […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":27162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[779,1087,787,1088,1089,712],"tags":[1090,1000,789,1091,1092,1093,1094],"class_list":["post-27227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aquaculture-projects-fr","category-belo-sur-mer-madagascar-fr","category-featured-fr","category-education-fr","category-empowerment-fr","category-madagascar-fr","tag-communities-fr","tag-community-engagement-fr","tag-madagascar-2-fr","tag-seaweed-fr","tag-support-fr","tag-womens-empowerment-fr","tag-womens-empowerment-fr-2"],"yoast_head":"\nVivre durablement de la mer gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la culture d'algues communautaire - Blue Ventures - Beyond Conservation blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A Madagascar, des membres de la communaut\u00e9 de Belo sur Mer \u2013 surtout des femmes \u2013 ont relev\u00e9 le d\u00e9fi de l'aquaculture villageoise. 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